Passive & Active Heating and Cooling Technologies & Markets - 2022-2030 – With Corona & COP26 Impacts

Figure 1 – COP26 Pledges & Targets Based GHG Emission [GTn] Forecast to 2030………………………………………………… 39

Figure 2 – Global Warming 2010-2020 by GHG Source…………………. 40

Figure 3 – Renewable Energy Generation By Technology & By User.. 42

Figure 4 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions [%] by Sector……………………. 43

Figure 5 – Climate Change Causes and Effects…………………………… 44

Figure 6- Global Energy demand (left) & GHS Emission (Right) By Sector – 2020…………………………………………………….. 45

Figure 7 – GHG Emission per GWh of Energy Production – 2020…….. 46

Figure 8 – Average USA Levelized cost [$/MWh] of Electricity By Energy Technology – 2020……………………………………. 46

Figure 9 – Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology and Region                                                                                    47

Figure 10 – Global Electricity Consumption by Energy Source – 1985-2020………………………………………………………………… 47

Figure 11 – Levelized Cost [$/MWh] of Energy, by Source – 2008-2020                                                                                    47

Figure 12 – Renewable, Nuclear & Fossil Energy Prices [$/MWh] & Installed Capacity – 2010-2019……………………………… 48

Figure 13 – Global Warming vs. Number of Climate-Related Disasters – 1970-2032…………………………………………………………. 50

Figure 14 – Energy Storage: Duration Time and Rated Power by Modality……………………………………………………………. 50

Figure 15 – Renewable Generation Capacity By Region………………… 51

Figure 16 – Leading Renewable Energy Capacity [GW] by Country – 2020………………………………………………………………… 51

Figure 17 – Negative Emissions Role in Achieving NetZero……………. 52

Figure 18 – Global GHG Emission Reduction [%] by Technology – 2030                                                                                    57

Figure 19 – Global Electricity Generation [000 TWh] by Source – 2010- 2040………………………………………………………………… 58

Figure 20 – Global Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Region [$B] – 2022-2030………………………… 66

Figure 21 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 96

Figure 22 – Bioenergy Thermo-Chemical Process………………………. 100

Figure 23 – Bioenergy Bio-Chemical Process…………………………….. 101

Figure 24 – Global Bioenergy Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030…………. 110

Figure 25 – System Power Rating and Discharge Times of Energy Storage Technologies………………………………………… 111

Figure 26 – Compressed-Air Energy Storage System………………….. 112

Figure 27 – A Small Scale Compressed Air Storage System…………. 112

Figure 28 – Global Compressed-Air Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 114

Figure 29 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Concentrating Solar Power vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021………………………………….. 116

Figure 30 – Concentrating Solar Power System Layout and Costs…. 117

Figure 31 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  118

Figure 32 – Global Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 120

Figure 33 – Applications of Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy… 123

Figure 34 – Closed (Left) & Open (Right) loop Geothermal Heat Pumps                                                                                  124

Figure 35 – EU Areas Suitable for Geothermal Networks & Actual Geothermal Installed Capacity……………………………… 125

Figure 36 – Global Direct Geothermal Heating & Cooling Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………….. 126

Figure 37 – Residential Direct Solar Water Heating System………….. 128

Figure 38 – Total Installed Solar Heating Area by Region – 2020……. 129

Figure 39 – Direct Solar Water Heating System Elements…………….. 129

Figure 40 – Direct Solar Heating Capacity [KW/1000 citizens] in 10 Leading Countries – 2020……………………………………. 130

Figure 41 – Global Solar Thermal Capacity [TWh] and Energy [TWh] – 2000-2022……………………………………………………….. 131

Figure 42 – Distribution of Solar Thermal Systems for Newly Installed Water Collector by Region – 2020…………………………. 131

Figure 43 – Global Direct Solar Water Heating Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 132

Figure 44 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Geothermal vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021…………………………………………………………. 134

Figure 45 – Geothermal Electricity Generation Technologies……… 135

Figure 46 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  135

Figure 47 – Enhanced Geothermal Systems……………………………… 136

Figure 48 – Geothermal Power Generation……………………………….. 137

Figure 49 – Map of 64 EGS Projects Around the World – 2020………. 139

Figure 50 – Global Geothermal Power Generation Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 141

Figure 51 – Diagram of a Conventional Electric Power System……… 143

Figure 52 – Modern Grid Architecture ……………………………………… 144

Figure 53 – Climate Change Effects on the Electricity Grid……………. 145

Figure 54 – Smart Grid Architecture………………………………………… 146

Figure 55 -Smart Grid Priorities……………………………………………… 149

Figure 56 – Global Grid Modernization Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030 150

Figure 57 – System Power Rating and Discharge Times of Energy Storage Technologies………………………………………… 152

Figure 58 – Grid Battery Storage Infrastructure………………………….. 153

Figure 59 – Next Generation Battery Storage Goals…………………… 154

Figure 60 – Grid-Scale Battery Storage System…………………………. 154

Figure 61 – Global Grid-Scale Battery Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 159

Figure 62 – Pumped Storage Hydropower Site…………………………… 160

Figure 63 – Pumped Hydro Energy Storage, Power Rating and Discharge Times Vs. Other Energy Storage Technologies                                                                                  161

Figure 64 – Pumped Hydro Energy Storage System Layout………….. 162

Figure 65 – Global Hydroelectric Energy Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 165

Figure 66 – Hydropower Installed Capacity by Country………………… 167

Figure 67 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Hydropower vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021…………………………………………………………. 168

Figure 68 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  168

Figure 69 – Hydropower Generation [TW h] by Region -1965-2020… 169

Figure 70- A Hydropower Plant………………………………………………. 171

Figure 71 – Global Hydroelectric Power Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030                                                                                  172

Figure 72 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  174

Figure 73 – Ocean thermal energy Conversion System (Right) and Oscillating Water Column System (Left)…………………. 175

Figure 74 – Wave Power System……………………………………………. 178

Figure 75 – Global Marine Power Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……. 179

Figure 76 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Nuclear Energy Plants vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021……………………………………………. 181

Figure 77 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  182

Figure 78 – Global Nuclear Energy Plants > 1 GW Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 184

Figure 79 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Offshore Wind vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021…………………………………………………………. 186

Figure 80 – Wind Turbine Power and Size 1985-2030…………………. 187

Figure 81 – Global LCOEs from Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  187

Figure 82 – U.S. DOE Offshore Wind Energy 2030 Goals…………….. 190

Figure 83- Global Installed Base Power [MW] of Offshore Wind Power to 2020……………………………………………………………. 190

Figure 84 – Annual 2001-2021 Additional Offshore Wind Installed Capacity [GW] China vs. the Rest of World……………… 191

Figure 85 – Global Offshore Wind Power Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030                                                                                  195

Figure 86 – Onshore Wind Turbines LCOE, Size, Capacity & Impacts – 2030………………………………………………………………. 196

Figure 87 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Onshore Wind Power vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021……………………………………………. 197

Figure 88 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  197

Figure 89 – Global Onshore Wind Power Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030                                                                                  200

Figure 90 – Global Other Energy Storage Modalities Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 202

Figure 91 – Global Other Renewable Energy Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 204

Figure 92 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Rooftop Solar vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021…………………………………………………………. 206

Figure 93 – Global Rooftop Solar PV Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030.. 209

Figure 94 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Small Nuclear Reactors vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021……………………………………………. 210

Figure 95 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  211

Figure 96 – Global Small Nuclear Reactors Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 213

Figure 97 – Installed Base of Solar PV by Country……………………… 215

Figure 98 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Solar PV vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021………………………………………………………………. 216

Figure 99 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020                                                                                  217

Figure 100 – Ground Mounted Solar PV System………………………… 218

Figure 101 -The DOE Solar PV Deployment [GW] Outlook 2020-2050                                                                                  219

Figure 102 – Global Solar PV (Utility Scale) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 221

Figure 103 – System Power Rating and Discharge Times Of Energy Storage Technologies………………………………………… 223

Figure 104 – Thermal Energy Storage (TES) System Layout………… 224

Figure 105 – Residential Thermal Energy Storage……………………… 225

Figure 106 – Global Thermal Energy Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 228

Figure 107 – Waste Management Process………………………………… 230

Figure 108 – UN Projection of the Global Waste [M Ton/Annum] Quantity – 1950-2050…………………………………………. 231

Figure 109 – Global Waste to Energy Plants Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 233

Figure 110 – Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………….. 236

Figure 111 – Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………. 237

Figure 112 – Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Region [$B] – 2022-2030…………………………………….. 238

Figure 113 – North America Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]….. 239

Figure 114 – North America Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]                                                                                  240

Figure 115 – Cumulative 2022-2030 North America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Sector [$B]……. 242

Figure 116 – North America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 243

Figure 117 – North America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 244

Figure 118 – Latin America Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]…… 245

Figure 119 – Latin America Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]                                                                                  247

Figure 120 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Latin America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Sector [$B]……. 248

Figure 121 – Latin America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 249

Figure 122 – Latin America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 250

Figure 123 – Europe Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]……………. 251

Figure 124 – Europe Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]…. 252

Figure 125 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Europe Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Sector [$B]……. 254

Figure 126 – Europe Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…… 255

Figure 127 – Europe Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030….. 256

Figure 128 – MEA Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]………………. 257

Figure 129 – MEA Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]…….. 258

Figure 130 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Global Middle East & Africa Change Mitigation & Adaptation Market by Sector [$B]. 260

Figure 131 – Middle East & Africa Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 261

Figure 132 – Middle East & Africa Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 262

Figure 133 – Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]…………………………….. 263

Figure 134 – Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]………………………. 265

Figure 135 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Asia Pacific Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Sector [$B]……. 267

Figure 136 – Asia Pacific Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 268

Figure 137 – Asia Pacific Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 269

Figure 138 – Energy Use Per Person, 2019………………………………. 270

Figure 139 – Consumption-Based Energy Use Per Person: Global Map, 2020………………………………………………………………. 271

Figure 140 – Consumption-Based Energy Use Per Person: Selected Countries………………………………………………………… 271

Figure 141 – Primary Energy Consumption by World Region – 1965-2020………………………………………………………………. 272

Figure 142 – World Energy Trilemma Index: Leading Countries – 2021                                                                                  273

Figure 143 – Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share by Country – 2030…………………………………….. 279

Figure 144 – U.S. Electricity Generation by Major Energy Source, 1950-2020………………………………………………………………. 291

Figure 145 – Canada Electricity Generation by Energy Source [%], 2018                                                                                  295

Figure 146 – Energy Consumption by Source, Argentina……………… 298

Figure 147 – Electricity Generation In Argentina In 2020, By Type Of Fuel* (In Terawatt Hours)……………………………………. 299

Figure 148 – Brazil Power Generation Supply, 2020…………………… 302

Figure 149 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Chile 1990-2020 306

Figure 150 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)………… 309

Figure 151 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Cuba 1990-2020                                                                                  311

Figure 152 – Ecuador Power Generation, 2020………………………….. 313

Figure 153 – Mexico Electricity Generation by Technology (October 2020)……………………………………………………………… 317

Figure 154 – Distribution of Electricity Generation in Peru in 2020, By Source……………………………………………………………. 319

Figure 155 – Venezuela: Installed and Available Generating Capacity and Supply, 2000–2020……………………………………… 323

Figure 156 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Austria 1990-2020                                                                                  326

Figure 157 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Belarus (Mtoe)                                                                                  328

Figure 158 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Belgium 1990-2019                                                                                  331

Figure 159 – Bulgaria Installed Energy Capacity………………………… 333

Figure 160 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Czech Republic 1990-2019……………………………………………………….. 336

Figure 161 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Denmark 1990-2019………………………………………………………………. 338

Figure 162 – Electricity Generation by Energy Source, Finland, 2000-2019………………………………………………………………. 342

Figure 163 – France Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source 1990-2019                                                                                  345

Figure 164 -The German Renewable Energy Use & Reduced Energy Consumption Scenario – 2005-2050………………………. 349

Figure 165 – Germany Electricity Generation per Week 22 – 2021 by Energy Generation Mode……………………………………. 350

Figure 166 – Sources of Large-Scale Energy Capacity [MW] Installed in Greece as of June 2020……………………………………… 354

Figure 167 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Hungary 1990-2019                                                                                  356

Figure 168 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Italy 1990-2019. 359

Figure 169 – Distribution of Electricity Generation in the Netherlands in 2020, By Source……………………………………………….. 362

Figure 170 – National Electricity Generation by Energy Source, Norway, in 2019……………………………………………………………. 365

Figure 171 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Poland 1990-2019                                                                                  367

Figure 172 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Portugal 1990-2019                                                                                  370

Figure 173 – Romania Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)                                                                                  373

Figure 174 – Russia Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe). 376

Figure 175 – Serbian Energy Distribution, 2019…………………………. 380

Figure 176 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Slovak Republic 1990-2020……………………………………………………….. 382

Figure 177 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Spain 1990-2020                                                                                  384

Figure 178 – Sweden Energy Consumption, 1800-2020………………. 387

Figure 179 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Switzerland 1990-2020………………………………………………………………. 391

Figure 180 – The UK Inland Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2020 by Energy Source………………………………………………….. 393

Figure 181 – The UK Electricity Generation, 1990 and 2020 by Energy Source……………………………………………………………. 394

Figure 182 – Solar PV Installed by Quarter in UK……………………….. 395

Figure 183 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Ukraine (Mtoe)                                                                                  397

Figure 184 – Installed Energy Capacity of Algeria, 2019 vs. Projected 2028………………………………………………………………. 401

Figure 185 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)………… 403

Figure 186 – Iran’s Electricity Generation by Fuel, 2019………………. 406

Figure 187 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Israel (Mtoe)                                                                                  409

Figure 188 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Saudi Arabia, 1990-2019………………………………………………………………. 414

Figure 189 – South Africa Electricity Consumption Breakdown by Sector (2020, %)………………………………………………………… 417

Figure 190 – Electricity Generation in Turkey from 2019 to 2020, by Fuel                                                                                  420

Table 1 – Electricity Production by Country – 2020……………………….. 41

Table 2 – Energy & Electricity and Per Capita Consumption by Country / Region……………………………………………………………… 42

Table 3 – Renewable vs. Fossil Fuels Heating Efficiency Cost [$ Cent / KWh] – 2020 & 2030 F…………………………………………. 50

Table 4 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Technology [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………… 55

Table 5 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Revenue [$B] – 2020-2030……………………………………. 57

Table 6 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Region [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………… 57

Table 7 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Country [$B] – 2020-2030………………………………………………… 59

Table 8 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Technology Products & Services [$B] Markets – 2022-2030…………. 82

Table 9 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Markets Annual Growth Rates [%] – 2022-2030………………………………. 83

Table 10 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Products & Services Markets Shares [%] – 2022-2030……………….. 85

Table 11 – Global Air Sourced Heat Pumps Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………… 96

Table 12 – Global Air Sourced Heat Pumps Market Dynamics [%] – 2022-2030…………………………………………………………. 96

Table 13 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market, Air Sourced Heat Pumps Market Share [%] – 2022-2030….. 96

Table 14 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market, Climate Adapted Water Infrastructure Market Share [%] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………… 97

Table 15 – Global Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 102

Table 16 – Global Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Market Dynamics [%] – 2022-2030………………………………………………… 103

Table 17 – Global Warming Mitigation Market, Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Market Share [%] – 2022-2030……………. 103

Table 18 – Cost (Euro/MWh) of Domestic Heating in France………… 107

Table 19 – Cost (Euro/MW) of District Heating in France……………… 108

Table 20 – Global Direct Geothermal Heating & Cooling Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………….. 108

Table 21 – Global Direct Geothermal Heating & Cooling Market Dynamics [%] – 2022-2030………………………………….. 109

Table 22 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market, Direct Geothermal Heating & Cooling Market Share [%] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 109

Table 23 – Global Direct Solar Water Heating Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 114

Table 24 – Global Direct Solar Water Heating Market Dynamics [%] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 115

Table 25 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market, Direct Solar Water Heating Market Share [%] – 2022-2030….. 115

Table 26 – Global Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning & Refrigeration (ACR) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………… 122

Table 27 – Global Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning & Refrigeration (ACR) Market Dynamics [%] – 2022-2030……………….. 123

Table 28 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market, Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning & Refrigeration (ACR) Market Share [%] – 2022-2030……………………………………….. 123

Table 29 – Global Energy-Efficient Electric Appliances (w/o ACR) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………. 128

Table 30 – Global Energy-Efficient Electric Appliances (w/o ACR) Market Dynamics [%] – 2022-2030………………………… 129

Table 31 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market, Energy-Efficient Electric Appliances (w/o ACR) Market Share [%] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 129

Table 32 – Global Thermal Energy Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 135

Table 33 – Global Thermal Energy Storage Market Dynamics [%] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 135

Table 34 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market, Thermal Energy Storage Market Share [%] – 2022-2030………… 136

Table 35 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………………………… 137

Table 36 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market AGRs [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………………………… 138

Table 37 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Region [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 140

Table 38 – North America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Sector – 2020-2030………………………….. 143

Table 39 – North America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………….. 145

Table 40 – North America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market AGRs [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………. 146

Table 41 – Latin America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Sector – 2020-2030………………………….. 149

Table 42 – Latin America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………….. 151

Table 43 – Latin America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market AGRs [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………. 152

Table 44 – Europe Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Sector – 2020-2030……………………………………….. 155

Table 45 – Europe Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………….. 157

Table 46 – Europe Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market AGRs [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………… 158

Table 47 – Middle East & Africa Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Sector – 2020-2030………………… 161

Table 48 – Middle East & Africa Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…… 163

Table 49 – Middle East & Africa Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market AGRs [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030….. 164

Table 50 – Asia Pacific Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Sector – 2020-2030………………………………… 168

Table 51 – Asia Pacific Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………………… 170

Table 52 – Asia Pacific Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market AGRs [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………. 171

Table 53 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Technologies Market Size [$B] By Country – 2020-2030………………………… 176

Table 54 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market AGRs [%] By Country – 2020-2030…………………………………………. 177

Table 55 – National Market Shares of the Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market [%] – 2020-2030…………………………… 179

Table 56 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Infrastructure Markets Size [$B] By Country – 2020-2030………………………… 182

Table 57 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Products Sales [$B] By Country – 2020-2030…………………………………………. 184

Table 58 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Maintenance Markets Size [$B] By Country – 2020-2030………………………… 185

Table 59 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Upgrades Markets Size [$B] By Country – 2020-2030……………………………….. 187

Table 60 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Other* Revenue Sources [$B] By Country – 2020-2030…………………… 189

Table 61 – Renewable Energy and Climate Targets in the United States.                                                                                  192

Figure 1 – COP26 Pledges & Targets Based GHG Emission [GTn] Forecast to 2030………………………………………………… 30

Figure 2 – Global Warming 2010-2020 by GHG Source…………………. 31

Figure 3 – Renewable Energy Generation By Technology & By User.. 33

Figure 4 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions [%] by Sector……………………. 34

Figure 5 – Climate Change Causes and Effects…………………………… 35

Figure 6- Global Energy demand (left) & GHS Emission (Right) By Sector – 2020…………………………………………………….. 36

Figure 7 – GHG Emission per GWh of Energy Production – 2020…….. 37

Figure 8 – Average USA Levelized cost [$/MWh] of Electricity By Energy Technology – 2020……………………………………. 37

Figure 9 – Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology and Region                                                                                    38

Figure 10 – Global Electricity Consumption by Energy Source – 1985-2020………………………………………………………………… 38

Figure 11 – Levelized Cost [$/MWh] of Energy, by Source – 2008-2020                                                                                    38

Figure 12 – Renewable, Nuclear & Fossil Energy Prices [$/MWh] & Installed Capacity – 2010-2019……………………………… 39

Figure 13 – Global Warming vs. Number of Climate-Related Disasters – 1970-2032…………………………………………………………. 41

Figure 14 – Energy Storage: Duration Time and Rated Power by Modality……………………………………………………………. 41

Figure 15 – Renewable Generation Capacity By Region………………… 42

Figure 16 – Leading Renewable Energy Capacity [GW] by Country – 2020………………………………………………………………… 42

Figure 17 – Negative Emissions Role in Achieving NetZero……………. 43

Figure 18 – Global GHG Emission Reduction [%] by Technology – 2030                                                                                    48

Figure 19 – Global Electricity Generation [000 TWh] by Source – 2010- 2040………………………………………………………………… 49

Figure 20 – Global Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Region [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………… 57

Figure 21 – Air Source Heat Pump: Winter & Summer Operation…….. 86

Figure 22 – Air Source Heat Pump, Heating Cycle……………………….. 87

Figure 23 – Air to Air Heat Pump………………………………………………. 88

Figure 24 – Air to Water Heat Pump………………………………………….. 89

Figure 25 – Performance Standards For residential AC and Heat Pumps                                                                                    94

Figure 26 – Global Air Sourced Heat Pumps Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………… 95

Figure 27 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Concentrating Solar Power vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021……………………………………. 97

Figure 28 – Concentrating Solar Power System Layout and Costs…… 98

Figure 29 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 99

Figure 30 – Global Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 101

Figure 31 – Applications of Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy… 104

Figure 32 – Closed (Left) & Open (Right) loop Geothermal Heat Pumps                                                                                  105

Figure 33 – EU Areas Suitable for Geothermal Networks & Actual Geothermal Installed Capacity……………………………… 106

Figure 34 – Global Direct Geothermal Heating & Cooling Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………….. 107

Figure 35 – Residential Direct Solar Water Heating System………….. 109

Figure 36 – Total Installed Solar Heating Area by Region – 2020……. 110

Figure 37 – Direct Solar Water Heating System Elements…………….. 110

Figure 38 – Direct Solar Heating Capacity [KW/1000 citizens] in 10 Leading Countries – 2020……………………………………. 111

Figure 39 – Global Solar Thermal Capacity [TWh] and Energy [TWh] – 2000-2022……………………………………………………….. 112

Figure 40 – Distribution of Solar Thermal Systems for Newly Installed Water Collector by Region – 2020…………………………. 113

Figure 41 – Global Direct Solar Water Heating Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 113

Figure 42 – Performance Standards For residential AC and Heat Pumps                                                                                  117

Figure 43 – Thermoelectric Effect……………………………………………. 118

Figure 44 – Magtor Linear Motor Oscillator Drive………………………… 120

Figure 45 – Global Energy-Efficient Air Conditioning & Refrigeration (ACR) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………… 121

Figure 46 – Energy Consumption By End-Use (Excludes Transport, Energy Losses in Production or Transmission And Non-Motive Power Industrial Energy Uses)……………………. 125

Figure 47 – Global Energy-Efficient Electric Appliances (w/o ACR) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………. 128

Figure 48 – System Power Rating and Discharge Times Of Energy Storage Technologies………………………………………… 129

Figure 49 – Thermal Energy Storage (TES) System Layout………….. 130

Figure 50 – Residential Thermal Energy Storage……………………….. 131

Figure 51 – Global Thermal Energy Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 134

Figure 52 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………………………… 137

Figure 53 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………………………… 138

Figure 54 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Region [$B] – 2022-2030…………………………………………………….. 139

Figure 55 – North America Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]……. 140

Figure 56 – North America Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]                                                                                  141

Figure 57 – Cumulative 2022-2030 North America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Sector [$B]…………….. 143

Figure 58 – North America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………….. 144

Figure 59 – North America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………. 145

Figure 60 – Latin America Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]…….. 146

Figure 61 – Latin America Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]                                                                                  148

Figure 62 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Latin America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Sector [$B]…………….. 149

Figure 63 – Latin America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………….. 150

Figure 64 – Latin America Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………. 151

Figure 65 – Europe Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]……………… 152

Figure 66 – Europe Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]…… 153

Figure 67 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Europe Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Sector [$B]……………………………… 155

Figure 68 – Europe Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………………… 156

Figure 69 – Europe Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………………….. 157

Figure 70 – MEA Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]………………… 158

Figure 71 – MEA Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]………. 159

Figure 72 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Global Middle East & Africa Change Mitigation & Adaptation Market by Sector [$B]…………. 161

Figure 73 – Middle East & Africa Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…… 162

Figure 74 – Middle East & Africa Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030….. 163

Figure 75 – Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]…………………………….. 164

Figure 76 – Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]………………………. 166

Figure 77 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Asia Pacific Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market by Sector [$B]………………………… 168

Figure 78 – Asia Pacific Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………………… 169

Figure 79 – Asia Pacific Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………. 170

Figure 80 – Energy Use Per Person, 2019………………………………… 171

Figure 81 – Consumption-Based Energy Use Per Person: Global Map, 2020………………………………………………………………. 172

Figure 82 – Consumption-Based Energy Use Per Person: Selected Countries………………………………………………………… 172

Figure 83 – Primary Energy Consumption by World Region – 1965-2020                                                                                  173

Figure 84 – World Energy Trilemma Index: Leading Countries – 2021 174

Figure 85 – Passive Active Heating and Cooling Market Share by Country – 2030…………………………………………………. 180

Figure 86 – U.S. Electricity Generation by Major Energy Source, 1950-2020………………………………………………………………. 192

Figure 87 – Canada Electricity Generation by Energy Source [%], 2018                                                                                  196

Figure 88 – Energy Consumption by Source, Argentina……………….. 199

Figure 89 – Electricity Generation In Argentina In 2020, By Type Of Fuel* (In Terawatt Hours)……………………………………. 200

Figure 90 – Brazil Power Generation Supply, 2020…………………….. 203

Figure 91 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Chile 1990-2020. 207

Figure 92 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)………….. 210

Figure 93 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Cuba 1990-2020. 212

Figure 94 – Ecuador Power Generation, 2020……………………………. 214

Figure 95 – Mexico Electricity Generation by Technology (October 2020)                                                                                  218

Figure 96 – Distribution of Electricity Generation in Peru in 2020, By Source……………………………………………………………. 220

Figure 97 – Venezuela: Installed and Available Generating Capacity and Supply, 2000–2020……………………………………………. 224

Figure 98 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Austria 1990-2020                                                                                  227

Figure 99 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Belarus (Mtoe)                                                                                  229

Figure 100 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Belgium 1990-2019                                                                                  232

Figure 101 – Bulgaria Installed Energy Capacity………………………… 234

Figure 102 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Czech Republic 1990-2019……………………………………………………….. 237

Figure 103 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Denmark 1990-2019………………………………………………………………. 239

Figure 104 – Electricity Generation by Energy Source, Finland, 2000-2019………………………………………………………………. 243

Figure 105 – France Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source 1990-2019                                                                                  246

Figure 106 -The German Renewable Energy Use & Reduced Energy Consumption Scenario – 2005-2050………………………. 250

Figure 107 – Germany Electricity Generation per Week 22 – 2021 by Energy Generation Mode……………………………………. 251

Figure 108 – Sources of Large-Scale Energy Capacity [MW] Installed in Greece as of June 2020……………………………………… 255

Figure 109 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Hungary 1990-2019                                                                                  257

Figure 110 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Italy 1990-2019. 260

Figure 111 – Distribution of Electricity Generation in the Netherlands in 2020, By Source……………………………………………….. 263

Figure 112 – National Electricity Generation by Energy Source, Norway, in 2019……………………………………………………………. 266

Figure 113 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Poland 1990-2019                                                                                  268

Figure 114 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Portugal 1990-2019                                                                                  271

Figure 115 – Romania Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)                                                                                  274

Figure 116 – Russia Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe). 277

Figure 117 – Serbian Energy Distribution, 2019…………………………. 281

Figure 118 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Slovak Republic 1990-2020……………………………………………………….. 283

Figure 119 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Spain 1990-2020                                                                                  285

Figure 120 – Sweden Energy Consumption, 1800-2020………………. 288

Figure 121 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Switzerland 1990-2020………………………………………………………………. 292

Figure 122 – The UK Inland Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2020 by Energy Source………………………………………………….. 294

Figure 123 – The UK Electricity Generation, 1990 and 2020 by Energy Source……………………………………………………………. 295

Figure 124 – Solar PV Installed by Quarter in UK……………………….. 296

Figure 125 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Ukraine (Mtoe)                                                                                  298

Figure 126 – Installed Energy Capacity of Algeria, 2019 vs. Projected 2028………………………………………………………………. 302

Figure 127 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)………… 304

Figure 128 – Iran’s Electricity Generation by Fuel, 2019………………. 307

Figure 129 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Israel (Mtoe)                                                                                  310

Figure 130 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Saudi Arabia, 1990-2019………………………………………………………………. 315

Figure 131 – South Africa Electricity Consumption Breakdown by Sector (2020, %)………………………………………………………… 318

Figure 132 – Electricity Generation in Turkey from 2019 to 2020, by Fuel                                                                                  321