Download TOC as PDFFigure 1 – COP26 Pledges & Targets Based GHG Emission [GTn] Forecast to 2030………………………………………………… 39
Figure 2 – Global Warming 2010-2020 by GHG Source…………………. 40
Figure 3 – Renewable Energy Generation By Technology & By User.. 42
Figure 4 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions [%] by Sector……………………. 43
Figure 5 – Climate Change Causes and Effects…………………………… 44
Figure 6- Global Energy demand (left) & GHS Emission (Right) By Sector – 2020…………………………………………………….. 45
Figure 7 – GHG Emission per GWh of Energy Production – 2020…….. 46
Figure 8 – Average USA Levelized cost [$/MWh] of Electricity By Energy Technology – 2020……………………………………. 46
Figure 9 – Renewable Electricity Generation by Technology and Region 47
Figure 10 – Global Electricity Consumption by Energy Source – 1985-2020………………………………………………………………… 47
Figure 11 – Levelized Cost [$/MWh] of Energy, by Source – 2008-2020 47
Figure 12 – Renewable, Nuclear & Fossil Energy Prices [$/MWh] & Installed Capacity – 2010-2019……………………………… 48
Figure 13 – Global Warming vs. Number of Climate-Related Disasters – 1970-2032…………………………………………………………. 50
Figure 14 – Energy Storage: Duration Time and Rated Power by Modality……………………………………………………………. 50
Figure 15 – Renewable Generation Capacity By Region………………… 51
Figure 16 – Leading Renewable Energy Capacity [GW] by Country – 2020………………………………………………………………… 51
Figure 17 – Negative Emissions Role in Achieving NetZero……………. 52
Figure 18 – Global GHG Emission Reduction [%] by Technology – 2030 57
Figure 19 – Global Electricity Generation [000 TWh] by Source – 2010- 2040………………………………………………………………… 58
Figure 20 – Global Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Region [$B] – 2022-2030………………………… 66
Figure 21 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 96
Figure 22 – Bioenergy Thermo-Chemical Process………………………. 100
Figure 23 – Bioenergy Bio-Chemical Process…………………………….. 101
Figure 24 – Global Bioenergy Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030…………. 110
Figure 25 – System Power Rating and Discharge Times of Energy Storage Technologies………………………………………… 111
Figure 26 – Compressed-Air Energy Storage System………………….. 112
Figure 27 – A Small Scale Compressed Air Storage System…………. 112
Figure 28 – Global Compressed-Air Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 114
Figure 29 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Concentrating Solar Power vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021………………………………….. 116
Figure 30 – Concentrating Solar Power System Layout and Costs…. 117
Figure 31 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 118
Figure 32 – Global Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 120
Figure 33 – Applications of Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy… 123
Figure 34 – Closed (Left) & Open (Right) loop Geothermal Heat Pumps 124
Figure 35 – EU Areas Suitable for Geothermal Networks & Actual Geothermal Installed Capacity……………………………… 125
Figure 36 – Global Direct Geothermal Heating & Cooling Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………….. 126
Figure 37 – Residential Direct Solar Water Heating System………….. 128
Figure 38 – Total Installed Solar Heating Area by Region – 2020……. 129
Figure 39 – Direct Solar Water Heating System Elements…………….. 129
Figure 40 – Direct Solar Heating Capacity [KW/1000 citizens] in 10 Leading Countries – 2020……………………………………. 130
Figure 41 – Global Solar Thermal Capacity [TWh] and Energy [TWh] – 2000-2022……………………………………………………….. 131
Figure 42 – Distribution of Solar Thermal Systems for Newly Installed Water Collector by Region – 2020…………………………. 131
Figure 43 – Global Direct Solar Water Heating Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 132
Figure 44 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Geothermal vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021…………………………………………………………. 134
Figure 45 – Geothermal Electricity Generation Technologies……… 135
Figure 46 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 135
Figure 47 – Enhanced Geothermal Systems……………………………… 136
Figure 48 – Geothermal Power Generation……………………………….. 137
Figure 49 – Map of 64 EGS Projects Around the World – 2020………. 139
Figure 50 – Global Geothermal Power Generation Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 141
Figure 51 – Diagram of a Conventional Electric Power System……… 143
Figure 52 – Modern Grid Architecture ……………………………………… 144
Figure 53 – Climate Change Effects on the Electricity Grid……………. 145
Figure 54 – Smart Grid Architecture………………………………………… 146
Figure 55 -Smart Grid Priorities……………………………………………… 149
Figure 56 – Global Grid Modernization Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030 150
Figure 57 – System Power Rating and Discharge Times of Energy Storage Technologies………………………………………… 152
Figure 58 – Grid Battery Storage Infrastructure………………………….. 153
Figure 59 – Next Generation Battery Storage Goals…………………… 154
Figure 60 – Grid-Scale Battery Storage System…………………………. 154
Figure 61 – Global Grid-Scale Battery Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 159
Figure 62 – Pumped Storage Hydropower Site…………………………… 160
Figure 63 – Pumped Hydro Energy Storage, Power Rating and Discharge Times Vs. Other Energy Storage Technologies 161
Figure 64 – Pumped Hydro Energy Storage System Layout………….. 162
Figure 65 – Global Hydroelectric Energy Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 165
Figure 66 – Hydropower Installed Capacity by Country………………… 167
Figure 67 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Hydropower vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021…………………………………………………………. 168
Figure 68 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 168
Figure 69 – Hydropower Generation [TW h] by Region -1965-2020… 169
Figure 70- A Hydropower Plant………………………………………………. 171
Figure 71 – Global Hydroelectric Power Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030 172
Figure 72 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 174
Figure 73 – Ocean thermal energy Conversion System (Right) and Oscillating Water Column System (Left)…………………. 175
Figure 74 – Wave Power System……………………………………………. 178
Figure 75 – Global Marine Power Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……. 179
Figure 76 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Nuclear Energy Plants vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021……………………………………………. 181
Figure 77 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 182
Figure 78 – Global Nuclear Energy Plants > 1 GW Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 184
Figure 79 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Offshore Wind vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021…………………………………………………………. 186
Figure 80 – Wind Turbine Power and Size 1985-2030…………………. 187
Figure 81 – Global LCOEs from Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 187
Figure 82 – U.S. DOE Offshore Wind Energy 2030 Goals…………….. 190
Figure 83- Global Installed Base Power [MW] of Offshore Wind Power to 2020……………………………………………………………. 190
Figure 84 – Annual 2001-2021 Additional Offshore Wind Installed Capacity [GW] China vs. the Rest of World……………… 191
Figure 85 – Global Offshore Wind Power Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030 195
Figure 86 – Onshore Wind Turbines LCOE, Size, Capacity & Impacts – 2030………………………………………………………………. 196
Figure 87 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Onshore Wind Power vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021……………………………………………. 197
Figure 88 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 197
Figure 89 – Global Onshore Wind Power Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030 200
Figure 90 – Global Other Energy Storage Modalities Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030……………………………………………………….. 202
Figure 91 – Global Other Renewable Energy Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 204
Figure 92 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Rooftop Solar vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021…………………………………………………………. 206
Figure 93 – Global Rooftop Solar PV Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030.. 209
Figure 94 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Small Nuclear Reactors vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021……………………………………………. 210
Figure 95 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 211
Figure 96 – Global Small Nuclear Reactors Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 213
Figure 97 – Installed Base of Solar PV by Country……………………… 215
Figure 98 – Global Average Levelized Cost of Energy Generation [$/MWh] Solar PV vs. Other Electric Power Sources – Q-4 2021………………………………………………………………. 216
Figure 99 – Global LCOEs From Newly Commissioned, Utility-Scale Renewable Power Generation Technologies, 2010-2020 217
Figure 100 – Ground Mounted Solar PV System………………………… 218
Figure 101 -The DOE Solar PV Deployment [GW] Outlook 2020-2050 219
Figure 102 – Global Solar PV (Utility Scale) Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 221
Figure 103 – System Power Rating and Discharge Times Of Energy Storage Technologies………………………………………… 223
Figure 104 – Thermal Energy Storage (TES) System Layout………… 224
Figure 105 – Residential Thermal Energy Storage……………………… 225
Figure 106 – Global Thermal Energy Storage Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 228
Figure 107 – Waste Management Process………………………………… 230
Figure 108 – UN Projection of the Global Waste [M Ton/Annum] Quantity – 1950-2050…………………………………………. 231
Figure 109 – Global Waste to Energy Plants Market Size [$B] – 2022-2030………………………………………………………………. 233
Figure 110 – Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…………….. 236
Figure 111 – Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030……………. 237
Figure 112 – Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Region [$B] – 2022-2030…………………………………….. 238
Figure 113 – North America Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]….. 239
Figure 114 – North America Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ] 240
Figure 115 – Cumulative 2022-2030 North America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Sector [$B]……. 242
Figure 116 – North America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 243
Figure 117 – North America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 244
Figure 118 – Latin America Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]…… 245
Figure 119 – Latin America Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ] 247
Figure 120 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Latin America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Sector [$B]……. 248
Figure 121 – Latin America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 249
Figure 122 – Latin America Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 250
Figure 123 – Europe Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]……………. 251
Figure 124 – Europe Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]…. 252
Figure 125 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Europe Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Sector [$B]……. 254
Figure 126 – Europe Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030…… 255
Figure 127 – Europe Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030….. 256
Figure 128 – MEA Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]………………. 257
Figure 129 – MEA Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]…….. 258
Figure 130 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Global Middle East & Africa Change Mitigation & Adaptation Market by Sector [$B]. 260
Figure 131 – Middle East & Africa Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 261
Figure 132 – Middle East & Africa Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 262
Figure 133 – Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea Final Energy Demand by Sector [EJ]…………………………….. 263
Figure 134 – Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea Primary Energy Consumption by Sector [EJ]………………………. 265
Figure 135 – Cumulative 2022-2030 Asia Pacific Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market by Sector [$B]……. 267
Figure 136 – Asia Pacific Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Size [$M] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 268
Figure 137 – Asia Pacific Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share [%] by Revenue Source – 2020-2030………………………………………………………………. 269
Figure 138 – Energy Use Per Person, 2019………………………………. 270
Figure 139 – Consumption-Based Energy Use Per Person: Global Map, 2020………………………………………………………………. 271
Figure 140 – Consumption-Based Energy Use Per Person: Selected Countries………………………………………………………… 271
Figure 141 – Primary Energy Consumption by World Region – 1965-2020………………………………………………………………. 272
Figure 142 – World Energy Trilemma Index: Leading Countries – 2021 273
Figure 143 – Net-Zero Electricity Generation and Distribution Market Share by Country – 2030…………………………………….. 279
Figure 144 – U.S. Electricity Generation by Major Energy Source, 1950-2020………………………………………………………………. 291
Figure 145 – Canada Electricity Generation by Energy Source [%], 2018 295
Figure 146 – Energy Consumption by Source, Argentina……………… 298
Figure 147 – Electricity Generation In Argentina In 2020, By Type Of Fuel* (In Terawatt Hours)……………………………………. 299
Figure 148 – Brazil Power Generation Supply, 2020…………………… 302
Figure 149 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Chile 1990-2020 306
Figure 150 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)………… 309
Figure 151 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Cuba 1990-2020 311
Figure 152 – Ecuador Power Generation, 2020………………………….. 313
Figure 153 – Mexico Electricity Generation by Technology (October 2020)……………………………………………………………… 317
Figure 154 – Distribution of Electricity Generation in Peru in 2020, By Source……………………………………………………………. 319
Figure 155 – Venezuela: Installed and Available Generating Capacity and Supply, 2000–2020……………………………………… 323
Figure 156 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Austria 1990-2020 326
Figure 157 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Belarus (Mtoe) 328
Figure 158 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Belgium 1990-2019 331
Figure 159 – Bulgaria Installed Energy Capacity………………………… 333
Figure 160 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Czech Republic 1990-2019……………………………………………………….. 336
Figure 161 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Denmark 1990-2019………………………………………………………………. 338
Figure 162 – Electricity Generation by Energy Source, Finland, 2000-2019………………………………………………………………. 342
Figure 163 – France Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source 1990-2019 345
Figure 164 -The German Renewable Energy Use & Reduced Energy Consumption Scenario – 2005-2050………………………. 349
Figure 165 – Germany Electricity Generation per Week 22 – 2021 by Energy Generation Mode……………………………………. 350
Figure 166 – Sources of Large-Scale Energy Capacity [MW] Installed in Greece as of June 2020……………………………………… 354
Figure 167 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Hungary 1990-2019 356
Figure 168 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Italy 1990-2019. 359
Figure 169 – Distribution of Electricity Generation in the Netherlands in 2020, By Source……………………………………………….. 362
Figure 170 – National Electricity Generation by Energy Source, Norway, in 2019……………………………………………………………. 365
Figure 171 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Poland 1990-2019 367
Figure 172 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Portugal 1990-2019 370
Figure 173 – Romania Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe) 373
Figure 174 – Russia Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe). 376
Figure 175 – Serbian Energy Distribution, 2019…………………………. 380
Figure 176 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Slovak Republic 1990-2020……………………………………………………….. 382
Figure 177 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Spain 1990-2020 384
Figure 178 – Sweden Energy Consumption, 1800-2020………………. 387
Figure 179 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Switzerland 1990-2020………………………………………………………………. 391
Figure 180 – The UK Inland Energy Consumption, 1990 and 2020 by Energy Source………………………………………………….. 393
Figure 181 – The UK Electricity Generation, 1990 and 2020 by Energy Source……………………………………………………………. 394
Figure 182 – Solar PV Installed by Quarter in UK……………………….. 395
Figure 183 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Ukraine (Mtoe) 397
Figure 184 – Installed Energy Capacity of Algeria, 2019 vs. Projected 2028………………………………………………………………. 401
Figure 185 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source (Mtoe)………… 403
Figure 186 – Iran’s Electricity Generation by Fuel, 2019………………. 406
Figure 187 – Consumption Trends by Energy Source in Israel (Mtoe) 409
Figure 188 – Total Energy Supply (TES) by Source, Saudi Arabia, 1990-2019………………………………………………………………. 414
Figure 189 – South Africa Electricity Consumption Breakdown by Sector (2020, %)………………………………………………………… 417
Figure 190 – Electricity Generation in Turkey from 2019 to 2020, by Fuel 420